Step 1

Understanding Hate Crime and (Violent) Extremism

Hate Crime and (Violent Extremism) in Finland

In Finland, there is no separate criminal offense titled “hate crime”. Instead, hate motivation (based on race, religion, sexual orientation, etc.) is treated as a sentence-enhancing factor under Chapter 6, Section 5( 4 ) of the Criminal Code.

Violent Extremism

Not specifically defined in the Criminal Code but addressed through various terrorism-related provisions (Chapter 34a) and public order laws. Violent acts based on ideological motives may fall under terrorism or incitement categories.

Discrimination

Defined in Chapter 11, Sections 9–11 of the Criminal Code. This includes work-related and general discrimination based on race, ethnic origin, religion, disability, sexual orientation, etc. Different forms of discrimination are also defined in Anti-discrimination act (chapter 3) and gender equality act (Chapter 2).

How these crimes differ from general offenses:

Hate crimes involve discriminatory motives (e.g., racism, homophobia), making them more serious in sentencing.
While general crimes focus on the act, hate crimes emphasize the intent or motive behind the act.
Violent extremism often involves ideological or political aims and may threaten national security.

Step 2

Reporting the Crime

Where to report the crime

Police: Any local police station, online at poliisi.fi, or by calling the emergency number 112 (if urgent).
Discrimination Ombudsman (Yhdenvertaisuusvaltuutettu): For cases involving discrimination or hate speech.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as Victim Support Finland (RIKU) also assist in reporting.

Victim’s rights during the reporting phase

Victims have the right to:

Right to be heard and to file a criminal complaint (rikosilmoitus).
Right to receive written confirmation: The victim is entitled to written confirmation of the report, which serves as proof that the crime has been reported.
Right to use an interpreter if needed.
Right to legal aid or victim support services.
If the case involves a hate motive, this should be mentioned to police during the report.
Right to information about the case’s progress: Police will provide the victim with contact details and updates about the investigation and court proceedings.
Right to safety and support: Especially in cases of violent crime, victims may receive protection, shelter, or other support services.

Step 3

Police Investigation

What happens after reporting

Police register the crime and begin a preliminary investigation.
They assess whether a hate motive exists.
The police may interview witnesses, gather evidence, and consult experts.

Role of the victim in the investigation

Victims may be interviewed and asked to provide more evidence.

Rights of the victim during the police investigation

During the investigation, the victim has the right to:

Right to information about the process and updates.
Right to a support person during interviews.
Possibility to request separation from the suspect in interactions.

Outcomes of the Investigation

The investigation may lead to various outcomes:

Case is forwarded to the prosecutor.
Case is closed due to insufficient evidence (victims can appeal).
In cases involving hate motives, this is highlighted for the prosecutor.

Step 4

Public Prosecutor’s Role

Decision-making process

The prosecutor evaluates evidence and decides whether to press charges.
If there is enough evidence of a crime (especially with hate motives), a criminal case is filed in court.

Victim’s role and rights in this phase

The victim has the right to submit claims for damages.
Right to be represented by a legal counsel (free legal aid in some cases).
Right to receive updates about the prosecutor’s decision.

Protective measures for victims

Non-disclosure of personal data to the suspect.
Restraining orders or other safety-related measures.
Confidential hearings may be requested for sensitive cases.

Outcomes of the Public Prosecutor’s Review

Charges filed – case goes to court.
No charges – victim can request a secondary prosecutor to pursue the case (rare and needs legal grounds).

Step 5

Court Proceedings

What Happens in Court and the Victim’s Role

The court hears the evidence, including witness testimonies and expert opinions.
The hate motive may be considered during sentencing.
Victim may testify and submit compensation claims.

Victim is usually a complainant (civil party), especially in violent or discriminatory cases.
Legal representation is allowed.

Special Protection in Court (If It Exists)

Hearings can be held behind closed doors.
Victim may give testimony via video link or behind a screen.
Special attention to vulnerable groups (e.g., minors, asylum seekers).

What Happens After the Trial

Victim receives the court decision.
May appeal to the Court of Appeal.
Can seek compensation for damages or trauma.

Rights After the Trial

Following the trial, victims have several rights:

Right to receive reasoned judgment.
Right to appeal the verdict.
Continued access to support services (e.g., counseling, legal aid).